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#! /usr/bin/python3
# @lint-avoid-python-3-compatibility-imports
#
# funcslower Trace slow kernel or user function calls.
# For Linux, uses BCC, eBPF.
#
# USAGE: funcslower [-h] [-p PID] [-m MIN_MS] [-u MIN_US] [-a ARGUMENTS]
# [-T] [-t] [-v] function [function ...]
#
# WARNING: This tool traces function calls by instrumenting the entry and
# return from each function. For commonly-invoked functions like memory allocs
# or file writes, this can be extremely expensive. Mind the overhead.
#
# NOTE: This tool cannot trace nested functions in the same invocation
# due to instrumentation specifics, only innermost calls will be visible.
#
# By default, a minimum millisecond threshold of 1 is used.
#
# Copyright 2017, Sasha Goldshtein
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
#
# 30-Mar-2017 Sasha Goldshtein Created this.
from __future__ import print_function
from bcc import BPF
import argparse
import time
examples = """examples:
./funcslower vfs_write # trace vfs_write calls slower than 1ms
./funcslower -m 10 vfs_write # same, but slower than 10ms
./funcslower -u 10 c:open # trace open calls slower than 10us
./funcslower -p 135 c:open # trace pid 135 only
./funcslower c:malloc c:free # trace both malloc and free slower than 1ms
./funcslower -a 2 c:open # show first two arguments to open
./funcslower -UK -m 10 c:open # Show user and kernel stack frame of open calls slower than 10ms
./funcslower -f -UK c:open # Output in folded format for flame graphs
"""
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="Trace slow kernel or user function calls.",
formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
epilog=examples)
parser.add_argument("-p", "--pid", type=int, metavar="PID", dest="tgid",
help="trace this PID only")
parser.add_argument("-m", "--min-ms", type=float, dest="min_ms",
help="minimum duration to trace (ms)")
parser.add_argument("-u", "--min-us", type=float, dest="min_us",
help="minimum duration to trace (us)")
parser.add_argument("-a", "--arguments", type=int,
help="print this many entry arguments, as hex")
parser.add_argument("-T", "--time", action="store_true",
help="show HH:MM:SS timestamp")
parser.add_argument("-t", "--timestamp", action="store_true",
help="show timestamp in seconds at us resolution")
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true",
help="print the BPF program for debugging purposes")
parser.add_argument(metavar="function", nargs="+", dest="functions",
help="function(s) to trace")
parser.add_argument("--ebpf", action="store_true",
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument("-f", "--folded", action="store_true",
help="output folded format, one line per stack (for flame graphs)")
parser.add_argument("-U", "--user-stack",
action="store_true", help="output user stack trace")
parser.add_argument("-K", "--kernel-stack",
action="store_true", help="output kernel stack trace")
args = parser.parse_args()
# fractions are allowed, but rounded to an integer nanosecond
if args.min_ms:
duration_ns = int(args.min_ms * 1000000)
elif args.min_us:
duration_ns = int(args.min_us * 1000)
else:
duration_ns = 1000000 # default to 1ms
bpf_text = """
#include <uapi/linux/ptrace.h>
#include <linux/sched.h> // for TASK_COMM_LEN
struct entry_t {
u64 id;
u64 start_ns;
#ifdef GRAB_ARGS
#ifndef __s390x__
u64 args[6];
#else
u64 args[5];
#endif
#endif
#ifdef USER_STACKS
int user_stack_id;
#endif
#ifdef KERNEL_STACKS
int kernel_stack_id;
u64 kernel_ip;
#endif
};
struct data_t {
u64 id;
u64 tgid_pid;
u64 start_ns;
u64 duration_ns;
u64 retval;
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
#ifdef GRAB_ARGS
#ifndef __s390x__
u64 args[6];
#else
u64 args[5];
#endif
#endif
#ifdef USER_STACKS
int user_stack_id;
#endif
#ifdef KERNEL_STACKS
int kernel_stack_id;
u64 kernel_ip;
#endif
};
BPF_HASH(entryinfo, u64, struct entry_t);
BPF_PERF_OUTPUT(events);
#if defined(USER_STACKS) || defined(KERNEL_STACKS)
BPF_STACK_TRACE(stacks, 2048);
#endif
static int trace_entry(struct pt_regs *ctx, int id)
{
u64 tgid_pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid();
u32 tgid = tgid_pid >> 32;
if (TGID_FILTER)
return 0;
u32 pid = tgid_pid;
struct entry_t entry = {};
entry.start_ns = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
entry.id = id;
#ifdef GRAB_ARGS
entry.args[0] = PT_REGS_PARM1(ctx);
entry.args[1] = PT_REGS_PARM2(ctx);
entry.args[2] = PT_REGS_PARM3(ctx);
entry.args[3] = PT_REGS_PARM4(ctx);
entry.args[4] = PT_REGS_PARM5(ctx);
#ifndef __s390x__
entry.args[5] = PT_REGS_PARM6(ctx);
#endif
#endif
#ifdef USER_STACKS
entry.user_stack_id = stacks.get_stackid(ctx, BPF_F_USER_STACK);
#endif
#ifdef KERNEL_STACKS
entry.kernel_stack_id = stacks.get_stackid(ctx, 0);
if (entry.kernel_stack_id >= 0) {
u64 ip = PT_REGS_IP(ctx);
u64 page_offset;
// if ip isn't sane, leave key ips as zero for later checking
#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) && defined(__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE)
// x64, 4.16, ..., 4.11, etc., but some earlier kernel didn't have it
page_offset = __PAGE_OFFSET_BASE;
#elif defined(CONFIG_X86_64) && defined(__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4)
// x64, 4.17, and later
#if defined(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_MEMORY_LAYOUT) && defined(CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL)
page_offset = __PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L5;
#else
page_offset = __PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4;
#endif
#else
// earlier x86_64 kernels, e.g., 4.6, comes here
// arm64, s390, powerpc, x86_32
page_offset = PAGE_OFFSET;
#endif
if (ip > page_offset) {
entry.kernel_ip = ip;
}
}
#endif
entryinfo.update(&tgid_pid, &entry);
return 0;
}
int trace_return(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
struct entry_t *entryp;
u64 tgid_pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid();
entryp = entryinfo.lookup(&tgid_pid);
if (entryp == 0) {
return 0;
}
u64 delta_ns = bpf_ktime_get_ns() - entryp->start_ns;
entryinfo.delete(&tgid_pid);
if (delta_ns < DURATION_NS)
return 0;
struct data_t data = {};
data.id = entryp->id;
data.tgid_pid = tgid_pid;
data.start_ns = entryp->start_ns;
data.duration_ns = delta_ns;
data.retval = PT_REGS_RC(ctx);
#ifdef USER_STACKS
data.user_stack_id = entryp->user_stack_id;
#endif
#ifdef KERNEL_STACKS
data.kernel_stack_id = entryp->kernel_stack_id;
data.kernel_ip = entryp->kernel_ip;
#endif
#ifdef GRAB_ARGS
bpf_probe_read_kernel(&data.args[0], sizeof(data.args), entryp->args);
#endif
bpf_get_current_comm(&data.comm, sizeof(data.comm));
events.perf_submit(ctx, &data, sizeof(data));
return 0;
}
"""
bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('DURATION_NS', str(duration_ns))
if args.arguments:
bpf_text = "#define GRAB_ARGS\n" + bpf_text
if args.user_stack:
bpf_text = "#define USER_STACKS\n" + bpf_text
if args.kernel_stack:
bpf_text = "#define KERNEL_STACKS\n" + bpf_text
if args.tgid:
bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('TGID_FILTER', 'tgid != %d' % args.tgid)
else:
bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('TGID_FILTER', '0')
for i in range(len(args.functions)):
bpf_text += """
int trace_%d(struct pt_regs *ctx) {
return trace_entry(ctx, %d);
}
""" % (i, i)
if args.verbose or args.ebpf:
print(bpf_text)
if args.ebpf:
exit()
b = BPF(text=bpf_text)
for i, function in enumerate(args.functions):
if ":" in function:
library, func = function.split(":")
b.attach_uprobe(name=library, sym=func, fn_name="trace_%d" % i)
b.attach_uretprobe(name=library, sym=func, fn_name="trace_return")
else:
b.attach_kprobe(event=function, fn_name="trace_%d" % i)
b.attach_kretprobe(event=function, fn_name="trace_return")
time_designator = "us" if args.min_us else "ms"
time_value = args.min_us or args.min_ms or 1
time_multiplier = 1000 if args.min_us else 1000000
time_col = args.time or args.timestamp
# Do not print header when folded
if not args.folded:
print("Tracing function calls slower than %g %s... Ctrl+C to quit." %
(time_value, time_designator))
print((("%-10s " % "TIME" if time_col else "") + "%-14s %-6s %7s %16s %s") %
("COMM", "PID", "LAT(%s)" % time_designator, "RVAL",
"FUNC" + (" ARGS" if args.arguments else "")))
earliest_ts = 0
def time_str(event):
if args.time:
return "%-10s " % time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
if args.timestamp:
global earliest_ts
if earliest_ts == 0:
earliest_ts = event.start_ns
return "%-10.6f " % ((event.start_ns - earliest_ts) / 1000000000.0)
return ""
def args_str(event):
if not args.arguments:
return ""
return str.join(" ", ["0x%x" % arg for arg in event.args[:args.arguments]])
def print_stack(event):
user_stack = []
stack_traces = b.get_table("stacks")
if args.user_stack and event.user_stack_id > 0:
user_stack = stack_traces.walk(event.user_stack_id)
kernel_stack = []
if args.kernel_stack and event.kernel_stack_id > 0:
kernel_tmp = stack_traces.walk(event.kernel_stack_id)
# fix kernel stack
for addr in kernel_tmp:
kernel_stack.append(addr)
do_delimiter = user_stack and kernel_stack
if args.folded:
# print folded stack output
user_stack = list(user_stack)
kernel_stack = list(kernel_stack)
line = [event.comm] + \
[b.sym(addr, event.tgid_pid) for addr in reversed(user_stack)] + \
(do_delimiter and ["-"] or []) + \
[b.ksym(addr) for addr in reversed(kernel_stack)]
print("%s %d" % (b';'.join(line).decode('utf-8', 'replace'), 1))
else:
# print default multi-line stack output.
for addr in kernel_stack:
print(" %s" % b.ksym(addr).decode('utf-8', 'replace'))
for addr in user_stack:
print(" %s" % b.sym(addr, event.tgid_pid).decode('utf-8', 'replace'))
def print_event(cpu, data, size):
event = b["events"].event(data)
ts = float(event.duration_ns) / time_multiplier
if not args.folded:
print((time_str(event) + "%-14.14s %-6s %7.2f %16x %s %s") %
(event.comm.decode('utf-8', 'replace'), event.tgid_pid >> 32,
ts, event.retval, args.functions[event.id], args_str(event)))
if args.user_stack or args.kernel_stack:
print_stack(event)
b["events"].open_perf_buffer(print_event, page_cnt=64)
while True:
try:
b.perf_buffer_poll()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
exit()
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